[ALSA] pcm: add snd_pcm_rate_to_rate_bit() helper

Add a snd_pcm_rate_to_rate_bit() function to factor out common code used
by several drivers.

Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>