Set up Geo for two single-node sites (with external PostgreSQL services)

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The following guide provides concise instructions on how to deploy GitLab Geo for a two single-node site installation using two Linux package instances and external PostgreSQL databases like RDS, Azure Database, or Google Cloud SQL.

Prerequisites:

You have at least two independently working GitLab sites. To create the sites, see the GitLab reference architectures documentation.
- One GitLab site serves as the Geo primary site. You can use different reference architecture sizes for each Geo site. If you already have a working GitLab instance, you can use it as the primary site.
- The second GitLab site serves as the Geo secondary site. Geo supports multiple secondary sites.
The Geo primary site has at least a GitLab Premium license. You need only one license for all sites.
Confirm all sites meet the requirements for running Geo.

Set up Geo for Linux package (Omnibus)

Prerequisites:

You use PostgreSQL 12 or later, which includes the pg_basebackup tool.

Configure the primary site

SSH into your GitLab primary site and sign in as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Add a unique Geo site name to /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

##
## The unique identifier for the Geo site. See
## https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/administration/geo_sites.html#common-settings
##
gitlab_rails['geo_node_name'] = '<site_name_here>'

To apply the change, reconfigure the primary site:
```
gitlab-ctl reconfigure
```
Define the site as your primary Geo site:
```
gitlab-ctl set-geo-primary-node
```
This command uses the external_url defined in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb.

Configure the external database to be replicated

To set up an external database, you can either:

Set up streaming replication yourself (for example Amazon RDS, or bare metal not managed by the Linux package).
Manually perform the configuration of your Linux package installations as follows.

Leverage your cloud provider's tools to replicate the primary database

Given you have a primary site set up on AWS EC2 that uses RDS. You can now just create a read-only replica in a different region and the replication process is managed by AWS. Make sure you've set Network ACL (Access Control List), Subnet, and Security Group according to your needs, so the secondary Rails nodes can access the database.

The following instructions detail how to create a read-only replica for common cloud providers:

Amazon RDS - Creating a Read Replica
Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Create and manage read replicas in Azure Database for PostgreSQL
Google Cloud SQL - Creating read replicas

When your read-only replica is set up, you can skip to configure your secondary site.

Configure the secondary site to use the external read-replica

With Linux package installations, the geo_secondary_role has three main functions:

Configure the replica database.
Configure the tracking database.
Enable the Geo Log Cursor.

To configure the connection to the external read-replica database:

SSH into each Rails, Sidekiq and Geo Log Cursor node on your secondary site and login as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and add the following

##
## Geo Secondary role
## - configure dependent flags automatically to enable Geo
##
roles ['geo_secondary_role']

# note this is shared between both databases,
# make sure you define the same password in both
gitlab_rails['db_password'] = '<your_db_password_here>'

gitlab_rails['db_username'] = 'gitlab'
gitlab_rails['db_host'] = '<database_read_replica_host>'

# Disable the bundled Omnibus PostgreSQL, since we are
# using an external PostgreSQL
postgresql['enable'] = false

Save the file and reconfigure GitLab:
```
gitlab-ctl reconfigure
```

In case you have connectivity issues to your replica database you can check TCP connectivity from your server with the following command:

gitlab-rake gitlab:tcp_check[<replica FQDN>,5432]

If this step fails, you might be using the wrong IP address, or a firewall might be preventing access to the site. Check the IP address, paying close attention to the difference between public and private addresses. If a firewall is present, ensure the secondary site is allowed to connect to the primary site on port 5432.

Manually replicate secret GitLab values

GitLab stores a number of secret values in /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json. This JSON file must be the same across each of the site nodes. You must manually replicate the secret file across all of your secondary sites, although issue 3789 proposes to change this behavior.

SSH into a Rails node on your primary site, and execute the command below:
```
sudo cat /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json
```
This displays the secrets you must replicate, in JSON format.
SSH into each node on your secondary Geo site and sign in as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Make a backup of any existing secrets:

mv /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json.`date +%F`

Copy /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json from the primary site Rails node to each secondary site node. You can also copy-and-paste the file contents between nodes:
```
sudo editor /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json

# paste the output of the `cat` command you ran on the primary
# save and exit
```

Ensure the file permissions are correct:

chown root:root /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json
chmod 0600 /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json

To apply the changes, reconfigure every Rails, Sidekiq, and Gitaly secondary site node:
```
gitlab-ctl reconfigure
gitlab-ctl restart
```

Manually replicate the primary site SSH host keys

SSH into each node on your secondary site and sign in as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Back up any existing SSH host keys:

find /etc/ssh -iname 'ssh_host_*' -exec cp {} {}.backup.`date +%F` \;

Copy OpenSSH host keys from the primary site.

If you can access as root one of the primary site nodes serving SSH traffic (usually, the main GitLab Rails application nodes):

# Run this from the secondary site, change `<primary_site_fqdn>` for the IP or FQDN of the server
scp root@<primary_node_fqdn>:/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key* /etc/ssh

If you only have access through a user with sudo privileges:

# Run this from the node on your primary site:
sudo tar --transform 's/.*\///g' -zcvf ~/geo-host-key.tar.gz /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key*

# Run this on each node on your secondary site:
scp <user_with_sudo>@<primary_site_fqdn>:geo-host-key.tar.gz .
tar zxvf ~/geo-host-key.tar.gz -C /etc/ssh

For each secondary site node, ensure the file permissions are correct:

chown root:root /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key*
chmod 0600 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key

To verify key fingerprint matches, execute the following command on both the primary and secondary nodes on each site:

for file in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key; do ssh-keygen -lf $file; done

You should get an output similar to the following:

1024 SHA256:FEZX2jQa2bcsd/fn/uxBzxhKdx4Imc4raXrHwsbtP0M root@serverhostname (DSA)
256 SHA256:uw98R35Uf+fYEQ/UnJD9Br4NXUFPv7JAUln5uHlgSeY root@serverhostname (ECDSA)
256 SHA256:sqOUWcraZQKd89y/QQv/iynPTOGQxcOTIXU/LsoPmnM root@serverhostname (ED25519)
2048 SHA256:qwa+rgir2Oy86QI+PZi/QVR+MSmrdrpsuH7YyKknC+s root@serverhostname (RSA)

The output should be identical on both nodes.

Verify you have the correct public keys for the existing private keys:

# This will print the fingerprint for private keys:
for file in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key; do ssh-keygen -lf $file; done

# This will print the fingerprint for public keys:
for file in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key.pub; do ssh-keygen -lf $file; done

The output for the public and private key commands should generate the same fingerprint.

For each secondary site node, restart sshd:

# Debian or Ubuntu installations
sudo service ssh reload

# CentOS installations
sudo service sshd reload

To verify SSH is still functional, from a new terminal, SSH into your GitLab secondary server. If you can't connect, make sure you have the correct permissions.

Fast lookup of authorized SSH keys

After the initial replication process is complete, follow the steps to configure fast lookup of authorized SSH keys.

Fast lookup is required for Geo.

NOTE: Authentication is handled by the primary site. Don't set up custom authentication for the secondary site. Any change that requires access to the Admin area should be made in the primary site, because the secondary site is a read-only copy.

Add the secondary site

SSH into each Rails and Sidekiq node on your secondary site and sign in as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and add a unique name for your site.

##
## The unique identifier for the Geo site. See
## https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/administration/geo_sites.html#common-settings
##
gitlab_rails['geo_node_name'] = '<secondary_site_name_here>'

Save the unique name for the next steps.

To apply the changes, reconfigure each Rails and Sidekiq node on your secondary site.
```
gitlab-ctl reconfigure
```
Go to the primary node GitLab instance:
1. On the left sidebar, at the bottom, select Admin area..
2. Select Geo > Sites.
3. Select Add site.
4. In Name, enter the value for gitlab_rails['geo_node_name'] in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb. The values must match exactly.
5. In External URL, enter the value for external_url in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb. It's okay if one values ends in / and the other doesn't. Otherwise, the values must match exactly.
6. Optional. In Internal URL (optional), enter an internal URL for the primary site.
7. Optional. Select which groups or storage shards should be replicated by the secondary site. To replicate all, leave the field blank. See selective synchronization.
8. Select Save changes.
SSH into each Rails and Sidekiq node on your secondary site and restart the services:
```
sudo gitlab-ctl restart
```
Check if there are any common issues with your Geo setup by running:
```
sudo gitlab-rake gitlab:geo:check
```
If any of the checks fail, see the troubleshooting documentation.
To verify that the secondary site is reachable, SSH into a Rails or Sidekiq server on your primary site and run:
```
sudo gitlab-rake gitlab:geo:check
```
If any of the checks fail, check the troubleshooting documentation.

After the secondary site is added to the Geo administration page and restarted, the site automatically starts to replicate missing data from the primary site in a process known as backfill.

Meanwhile, the primary site starts to notify each secondary site of any changes, so that the secondary site can act on the notifications immediately.

Be sure the secondary site is running and accessible. You can sign in to the secondary site with the same credentials as were used with the primary site.

Enable Git access over HTTP/HTTPS and SSH

Geo synchronizes repositories over HTTP/HTTPS (enabled by default for new installations), and therefore requires this clone method to be enabled. If you convert an existing site to Geo, you should check that the clone method is enabled.

On the primary site:

On the left sidebar, at the bottom, select Admin area.
Select Settings > General.
Expand Visibility and access controls.
If you use Git over SSH:
1. Ensure Enabled Git access protocols is set to Both SSH and HTTP(S).
2. Enable the fast lookup of authorized SSH keys in the database on both the primary and secondary sites.
If you don't use Git over SSH, set Enabled Git access protocols to Only HTTP(S).

Verify proper functioning of the secondary site

You can sign in to the secondary site with the same credentials you used with the primary site.

After you sign in:

On the left sidebar, at the bottom, select Admin area.
Select Geo > Sites.
Verify that the site is correctly identified as a secondary Geo site, and that Geo is enabled.

The initial replication might take some time. You can monitor the synchronization process on each Geo site from the primary site Geo Sites dashboard in your browser.

Configure the tracking database

NOTE: This step is optional in case you also want to have your tracking database set up externally on another server.

Secondary sites use a separate PostgreSQL installation as a tracking database to keep track of replication status and automatically recover from potential replication issues. The Linux package automatically configures a tracking database when roles ['geo_secondary_role'] is set. If you want to run this database external to your Linux package installation, use the following instructions.

Cloud-managed database services

If you are using a cloud-managed service for the tracking database, you may need to grant additional roles to your tracking database user (by default, this is gitlab_geo):

Amazon RDS requires the rds_superuser role.
Azure Database for PostgreSQL requires the azure_pg_admin role.
Google Cloud SQL requires the cloudsqlsuperuser role.

Additional roles are needed for the installation of extensions during installation and upgrades. As an alternative, ensure the extensions are installed manually, and read about the problems that may arise during future GitLab upgrades.

NOTE: If you want to use Amazon RDS as a tracking database, make sure it has access to the secondary database. Unfortunately, just assigning the same security group is not enough as outbound rules do not apply to RDS PostgreSQL databases. Therefore, you need to explicitly add an inbound rule to the read-replica's security group allowing any TCP traffic from the tracking database on port 5432.

Create the tracking database

Create and configure the tracking database in your PostgreSQL instance:

Set up PostgreSQL according to the database requirements document.
Set up a gitlab_geo user with a password of your choice, create the gitlabhq_geo_production database, and make the user an owner of the database. You can see an example of this setup in the self-compiled installation documentation.
If you are not using a cloud-managed PostgreSQL database, ensure that your secondary site can communicate with your tracking database by manually changing the pg_hba.conf that is associated with your tracking database. Remember to restart PostgreSQL afterwards for the changes to take effect:
```
##
## Geo Tracking Database Role
## - pg_hba.conf
##
host    all         all               <trusted tracking IP>/32      md5
host    all         all               <trusted secondary IP>/32     md5
```

Configure GitLab

Configure GitLab to use this database. These steps are for Linux package and Docker deployments.

SSH into a GitLab secondary server and login as root:
```
sudo -i
```

Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb with the connection parameters and credentials for the machine with the PostgreSQL instance:

geo_secondary['db_username'] = 'gitlab_geo'
geo_secondary['db_password'] = '<your_tracking_db_password_here>'

geo_secondary['db_host'] = '<tracking_database_host>'
geo_secondary['db_port'] = <tracking_database_port>      # change to the correct port
geo_postgresql['enable'] = false     # don't use internal managed instance

Save the file and reconfigure GitLab:
```
gitlab-ctl reconfigure
```

Manually set up the database schema (optional)

The reconfigure in the steps above handles these steps automatically. These steps are provided in case something went wrong.

This task creates the database schema. It requires the database user to be a superuser.
```
sudo gitlab-rake db:create:geo
```
Applying Rails database migrations (schema and data updates) is also performed by reconfigure. If geo_secondary['auto_migrate'] = false is set, or the schema was created manually, this step is required:
```
sudo gitlab-rake db:migrate:geo
```

Troubleshooting

See troubleshooting Geo.